A modern vehicle is a complex machine and contains hundreds of sensors providing instant feedback to the central controller systems, sometimes hundreds of times per second.

The controller almost instantly reacts to feedback from the sensors, adjusting turbocharger behaviour, fuel injection volumes, fuel injection timing, fuel injection quantity, air metering, exhaust gas recirculation, and many other parameters to meet the driver’s demand and suit the driving environment.

A sensor reading instantly causes an action in your engine. The operating principles built into your ECU file are what the tuning changes.

To achieve enhanced performance and efficiency, alterations can be made to torque modelling, turbocharger boost and control strategies, injection volumes, injection timing, fuel pressure, and many other related factors.

What maps and values are changed depends on the ECU strategy, intended purpose for the vehicle, road safety, and environmental factors.